A NEW APPROACH TO THE PHENOMENON OF INCREASING

For centuries, the human mind has been longing to understand and explain the nature surrounding him. Not understanding some phenomena, it mystifies them and imputes them to higher force - to God. During the last centuries, science succeeded in solving a great number of problems and managed to state the laws of natural course of events. The great progress of technology in the last century has raised the possibility of human understanding to undreamed heights. We got ourselves free from gravitation influence and reached to the Moon, and contemporary devices allow us to reach the most distant parts of the universe. We managed to control the atomic energy, and we got through to the smallest parts of the matter. We are on the way to solve the eternal secret of the origin of life. However, regardless of all of these achievements, the man has not got entirely rid of mystification of some, for the time being, still inexplicable phenomena in the nature, offering irrational solutions for them.

I hope that my hypothesis on the increasing mass of particles at motion by the speeds close to the speed of light, will contribute to solving this phenomenon as well as some other phenomena, by the entirely rational way. By this hypothesis and its application, I have tried to explain phenomenon such as: originating of new elementary particles, twins’ paradox, watch delay and the similar phenomena, excluding the influence of time, that is, it's adaptation to solving the stated problem. It is up to you to judge to what extent I was successful in it. I hope that my new ideas will stimulate the investigations in this matter and contribute to attain the experimental results that might confirm my assumptions.

In my opinion, there is not an absolute truth. The truth is a relative concept, depending on time and degree of the human knowledge at that time. The hypothesis that follows is one of the attempts to come to one new, "more accurate" truth than the one that modern science believe in.

THE CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE CURRENT THEORY ON THE INCREASING MASS OF PARTICLES AT THE SPEED CLOSE TO THE LIGHT SPEED

It is known that at great speed, close to the speed of light, attained in contemporary accelerators, the accelerated particles' mass is being increased. The great physicist Albert Einstein in his theory of relativity has predicted this phenomenon, at the beginning of this century. Mathematical interpretation has been given by the known Lorentz' Transformations which in this case read as follows:

2. - At the speed V = C, the given function has a vertical asymptote, that is, the mass is aiming to an infinite value.

When accelerating a particle up to the maximum speed that might be achieved in the accelerator, the mass is increasing, but it's growth is not fully completed when the maximal speed V=

is achieved, but continues to grow decelerating for a short period of time, until the equilibrium is achieved. This imposes the conclusion that the mass M is not only the function of speed V, but maybe also depends on time T and some other factors (e.g. intensity of electro-magnetic radiation within the experiment zone).

This phenomenon has been explained by the fact that keeping the particle on maximum speed demands the further energy consumption, which according to the current principle of the equality of mass and energy (E = MC² ) transforms to mass. It is also the fact that for a relatively long period of time, the particle's motion at the maximum speed can be obtained only in round accelerators, where the circumferential speed is observed and regarding the speed as a vector, it is not constant, because it changes direction, that is, it has a centripetal acceleration. Both of the facts cannot change the impression that Lorentz's equations represent only a rough mathematical approximation of what really happens with mass at the speed close to the speed of light. Regardless of the quoted explanations, remains the conclusion that mass is far more complicated function, depending also on the time T.

Another conclusion, that when the speed V equals to the speed of light C, with the infinitely great mass as a result, has led to introduction of the expression “zero mass”, i.e. to the assertion that the particle travelling at the speed of light (photons, neutrinos etc.), have not the rest mass, in fact it is equal to zero. To explain an irrational result, another also irrational assumption has been adopted, by which the mentioned particles commence its travelling without mass, and get it only during the travelling at the speed of light, on account of energy added to them. However, even this assumption does not make the Lorentz's Transformation applicable to the particles moving at the speed of light. Using the given values for the rest mass and the speed, it is getting the indefinite expression "zero divided by zero", out of which it is impossible to calculate the mass of the mentioned moving particles. The contemporary physics is giving the solution of the problem by equalizing the Plank and Einstein’s values for the energy of photon.

, thereof follows:

Recently some experiments refer to a conclusion that neutrinos possess the rest mass higher than zero, what leads to a doubt the accuracy of the relativistic assumption about the zero mass, as well as the corresponding Lorentz’s Transformations.

The above facts have inspired me to put a new rational hypothesis about the causes of increasing particles’ mass at the speed close to the speed of light, given further in this study.

Before I get on with this phenomenon, I will try to define the idea of empty space. This definition is having a significant role in my hypothesis, and therefore it is necessary to pay a certain attention to it. The empty space should be deprived of presence of any kind of substance, in any form. No space known to us satisfies such a condition, including intergalactic space, so far the most appropriate space to the given definition of empty space. The reason for this is the cosmic electromagnetic radiation, which, because of the penetration of some of its forms (such as the neutrino radiation) fulfils the whole universe. Therefore it appears that the whole space, whether we like it or not, is fulfilled with tiny elementary particles. Except the surroundings of the strong sources of radiation, they fulfil the whole space known to us, by approximately even density. The second important conclusion is that the mentioned particles are moving at the speed of light, or approximately at that speed, and to all directions, what can be, to a certain degree, compared to the Brown’s chaotic movement of the gas molecules.

The particles accelerating in accelerators have positive or negative charge and are incomparably more massive than photon or neutrino. So the smallest of them, the electron, got the mass approximately 250.000 times that of the photon of green light, which is taken as an example for comparison. The similar situation is also with the most other elementary particles fulfilling the space.

Now, let’s go back to the motion of electron in the accelerator. Being more massive, it will push out the smaller particles on its way, accumulating them more and more in front of itself. This effect will be especially expressive when the speed of electron approaches the speed of light, i.e. to the speed of particles fulfilling the space of accelerator. Having less and less possibilities to avoid the accelerating electron, the particles will stick to it, increasing illusory the mass of electron. This phenomenon will continue even when the acceleration of the electron stops, that is, when electron continue moving by the constant speed V =

, until the state of equilibrium is reached. Simultaneously with increasing accumulating particles, it will also increase the resistance to the moving electron, and consequently, the need for increasing energy consumption as well.

This situation can be compared with a flight of supersonic airplane. In this case also at the speed close to the speed of sound, the molecules of air are accumulating in form of sound waves, what leads to the sudden increase of resistance to the movement, that is, to increase of energy consumption needed for maintaining the movement. At the moment of breaking the sound barrier, the resistance and the necessary power suddenly decrease. The airplane breaks the sound barrier because it is pushed out by jet steam of burned gases that have the speed faster than the sound speed and also a mass which pushing back, gives the impulse to the plane in the flight direction.

In accelerators the electrons are accelerated by electromagnetic power, which is pulling or pushing them by its elastic action. Since this action is transferred by the speed of light, it is logical that the electron cannot reach or exceed that speed, regardless of the energy consumed. The same thing happens with other particles accelerating in the accelerators.

The bodies in motion by the speed higher than the speed of waves spreading in the given surrounding (the bow of a ship, or the nose of a supersonic airplane) cause the waves spreading laterally from the moving direction, under the angle depending on the relation between the speed of wave spreading and the speed of body moving in the given surrounding. The similar phenomenon discovered the scientists from the Soviet Union, the Nobel prize winners, Cherenokof, Tam and Frank, researching the motion of particles at the speed higher than the speed of light in the researching surrounding. It has been also determined the angle between the radiation direction (spreading of the electromagnetic waves) and direction of the movement of particles, as it is shown below:

The characteristics of the accumulated molecules of water, or air, that at the breaking the obstacle by the body moving at the speed higher than the speed of induced waves, create the wave motion described above, as well as the experiment of the Soviet Union physicists, point out the possibility that also the excess mass of electron whose movement we analysed, at the eventual exceeding of the light speed, transforms into an emission of electromagnetic radiation. For the time being the theoretical physics does not consider the possibility of exceeding the speed of light in vacuum. I hope the science will find the way to overcome this barrier in the near future. Maybe one of the possibilities would be the collision of two massive elementary particles (for instance: two protons), moving at the speed close to the speed of light. In that case, within the ideal circumstances, one particle could transfer its impulse to the other, and thus make it capable to break the “light barrier”.

So far we examined the physical phenomena following the body motion through fluid environment at the speeds close to a wave velocity in that environment. The similarity to the physical phenomena provoked by movement of particles at the speeds close to the speed of electromagnetic wave spread (speed of light), in the space filled with finest elementary particles is obvious. This similarity can not be accidental and it gives us a right to treat the elementary particles, fulfilling an “empty” space, as a kind of special fluid, what partly brings as back to an earlier popular, and today deserted theory of ether.

Now we can go back to the basic subject of this discussion and set the following hypothesis:

INCREASING OF MASS OF A MOVING BODY, ESPECIALLY NOTICEABLE AT THE SPEEDS CLOSE TO THE SPEED OF LIGHT IS CAUSED BY ACCUMULATING OF THE FINEST ELEMENTARY PARTICLES FULFILLING THE WHOLE KNOWN SPACE, AND THEIR SEEMING CONNECTION WITH THE MASS OF THE OBSERVED BODY. WITH THE ILLUSORY INCREASING OF MASS, THE RESISTANCE TO THE MOVEMENT OF THE BODY INCREASES ALSO, GRAVITATING TO ITS MAXIMUM WITH THE SPEED APPROACHING THE SPEED OF LIGHT. AT THE ABRUPT STOPPING (CRASHES), THE ACCELERATED PARTICLE SHAKES OFF THE COLLECTED MATERIAL FROM ITSELF, AND THAT SHOWS AS “BIRTH” OF THE NEW SECONDARY PARTICLES THAT DISINTEGRATE IN THE VERY SHORT PERIOD OF TIME, WHILE ONLY THE PRIMARY PARTICLES AND ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION REMAIN, WHICH IS KNOWN AS “THE LAW OF LEPTON AND BARIO CHARGING”.

Watch slowing and twins paradox, observed through the conclusion of the hypothesis about the cause of mass increase of a moving body.

The well-known twins paradox and watch slowing when moving at the high speeds, Albert Einstein has anticipated in his theory of relativity. Changing the former understanding of time as an independent dimension, and connecting it with comparing body (coordinate system), that is, claiming that each coordinate system has its own time, he placed the foundations for the new relativistic concept in physics. The experiment performed with two very precise watches, one of which was placed in a plane, and the other was left in laboratory immobile related to the earth, has confirmed the slowness of the mobile watch approximately in accordance with the theory of relativity. The question is whether the stretching of time is the proper explanation of the performed experiment, or maybe there is some other more acceptable explanation. My hypothesis offers the possibility of such a solution.

In the previous section it has been explained that at the motion of a body through any known space, the tiny elementary particles cumulate, causing the resistance to any motion, tending to slow it down. This is exactly what happens to the above-mentioned watch where the oscillations are decelerated, and as a result it is slower compared to the immobile watch. This phenomenon will especially be expressive at high speeds. The similar reflection can also be applied if analysing the twin’s paradox. The life functions in the bodies of twins present relative motion of the substance. With the twin travelling at high speed, this motion will decelerate, what is manifesting as growing old slower as Einstein anticipated, but now explained realistically without manipulating with the time.

The idea of time is a creation of human mind. In the nature there is only a constant motion of matter. Unable to understand the course of those changes, at the very beginning of its intellectual development, the man has taken as a comparative dimension, the sunrise and sunset, and latter, the earth rotating around its axes. As the knowledge and comprehension of nature developed, it has been discovered more and more accurate periodic movements, as a measure of time. Till recently they were the oscillations of a pendulum, or spiral spring in watches, and now it is the oscillation of crystal, as the most accurate measure for the flow of imagined time.

Should we ignore the centuries old man’s striving to measure the lasting of all events that surround him with as accurate as possible motion of some comparative subject, generally called watch, should we ignore it by introducing a stretching time, only because we, maybe, do not understand the reason why the oscillations we measure the flow of time with, are decelerating?

Einstein has helped to solve many of, till then, unsolved problems of contemporary physics with his theory of relativity. But is that the reason it should be considered as an absolute truth, or should it also be observed relatively, connecting it with a period of scientific thought, which perhaps, is already at the termination?

THE SERBIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE	July 5th 1999.
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